Metropolitan Fragmentation in the USA
Introduction
Metropolitan fragmentation is intensively discussed by academics as well as politicians and economists, after tragic events in Ferguson, St. Louis County, Missouri in August 2014. The term “metropolitan fragmentation” refers to those metro areas that are politically fragmented, where each locale has own municipality.
Metropolitan fragmentation is considered as negative phenomenon with overlapping of city and county functions. In small municipalities where taxes are tiny town's budget rely on court fees, and police departments on traffic tickets. In addition, some author suggests that the whole metro area is not efficient while other authors give evidences that it is not related to the level of metropolitan fragmentation. The mergence of city and suburbs, and also consolidation of small adjacent municipalities is considered by some researchers as a way to resolve economical and social problems. However, the process of mergence and consolidation is hard, and results could be even negative or uncertain. What is clear that metropolitan fragmentation is only a part of more complicated social problems in American society, and the focus should be on the questions of power distribution, on segregation and the way governing is conducted.
While plenty of discussions, especially in magazines and Internet publications, are focused mainly on the economical side of metropolitan fragmentation, in the essay I partly consider also cultural geographical circumstances/settings. Thus the main goal of the essay is to find out what is the impact of metropolitan fragmentation on society. In essay I answer the following questions: how fragmented U.S. metro areas are and what common characteristics they have? What are economic and social consequences of metropolitan fragmentation, and are they really caused by fragmentation? How metropolitan fragmentation emerged and what social processes were behind it? Finally, I consider ways to reduce negative effect of metropolitan fragmentation, namely if the mergence of local government will solve metropolitan economic and social problems? Particularly I focus more detail on the question of mergence of St. Louis city and St. Louis county, and also on consolidation of adjacent municipalities in St. Louis county. In order to find answers to the questions I use predominantly information from Internet magazines. As profound studies show the fragmentation itself is not the primary causes of economical and social problems, but power disproportion and the way in which governing is conducting.